Are leaders born successful or can they be trained Essay

Are pioneers brought into the world effective or would they be able to be prepared - Essay Example In any case, to accomplish such objectives they should have more extensive aptitudes and characteristic sets that permit them to think and act internationally. Such qualities are moxy, innovativeness, adaptability, accomplishment drive, inspiration, genuineness, respectability, fearlessness, intellectual capacity and enthusiastic security (Elliot, 1994). In any case, there is an issue that consistently emerges when we are attempting to comprehend the idea of the pioneers. Are such aptitudes and characteristics acquired or any of us can be prepared to turn into a pioneer? Are pioneers conceived? This questionable issue has been an object of study for a considerable length of time. There are numerous hypotheses that recommend that to turn into a real chief, one must be brought into the world with a particular arrangement of individual qualities. For example, ‘The extraordinary man hypothesis of leadership’ that turned out to be mainstream since the nineteenth century. Nume rous students of history and researchers analyzed this hypothesis. â€Å"Effective pioneers are those skilled with divine motivation and the privilege characteristics.† This hypothesis depends on the investigation of individuals who were at that point world’s incredible pioneers such us Abraham Lincoln, Julius Caesar, Mahatma Gandhi, and Alexander the Great (Bass, 1990). The origination of Traits Theory of Leadership likewise proposes that pioneers are given exceptional characteristics that different them from their adherents. The initiative is characterized regarding qualities of character and character. To be much increasingly exact, (Bird 1940) gathered a rundown of seventy-nine such traits, from twenty mental arranged investigations (Bass, 1990). Individuals proclaimed as pioneers, or now and then even as legends, introduced highlights like predominant insight, physical quality, moral power, charm, fearlessness and a mind boggling want to succeed. Those perfect tem perances given to them, empowered conceived pioneers to stand apart from the majority and accomplish incredible things, paying little mind to setting or circumstance (Bass, 1990). Numerous researchers likewise consider the wonders of authority as the arrangement of the correct characteristics or character that are natural. The capacity to lead is straightforwardly connected to one's character. Moreower, there is an extraordinary mind science among pioneers and adherents. The significant levels of serotonin seem to advance administration (Cawthon, 2006). Various contemporary investigations have uncovered that qualities influence an assortment of authority capacities. The natural characteristics impact your demeanor toward authority, your eagerness to take influential position and even what sort of pioneer an individual may turn into. Some part of your disposition toward initiative is covered up in your DNA. Through numerous examinations, we realize that hereditary qualities represent s around 40 percent of the contrast between individuals in what they consider administration. The equivalent hereditary inclinations that represented our ancestors’ enthusiasm to heading up the chasing gathering or running the family, it appears, the equivalent happens today, influencing our lives in current associations (Shane, 2010). Educator Scott Shane (2010, pp.122-123) additionally proposes that the DNA impacts whether you climb in your organization or not. Since individuals will in general take part in practices that they are acceptable at, those with the qualities that incline them to create administration potential are bound to push toward positions of authority. Qualities impact whether you become a pioneer through your character characteristics, social

How important were farming regions in determining allegiance in the Essay

How significant were cultivating areas in deciding devotion in the English Civil War - Essay Example Indeed, even in Jacobean London a large portion of the magistrates, the vendor sovereigns, were residential brokers. Furthermore, as opposed to the floundering send out exchange, the interior economy was enhancing as well as developing extensively (T. Wilson Hayes, pg 115). London was not the sole 'motor of development', yet cultivating districts sway the most evident component of inner turn of events. The Newcastle locale was in no way, shape or form alone in its reconciliation into an undeniably national economy. The expenses and postponements of inland vehicle, particularly by street, implied that peaceful districts despite everything developed grain for bread and brew. Peripheral upland areas occasionally experienced issues in sending charges to London, particularly in winter, since so little traffic went that way, and crosscountry contacts by street were much increasingly troublesome - to be sure, the normal cost of wheat in Devon late in the lack year of 1631 was 50 percent higher than in neighboring Dorset. All things considered, developing specialization in farming records for the popularity of Cheshire cheddar and Worcestershire apples. Transport connections to London were adequately produced for John Taylor's Carrier's Cosmography in 1637 to g ive subtleties of bearers connecting the capital with all districts. By the 1630s customary stage mentors connected London with significant towns in the southeast and Midlands, and by the 1650s Edinburgh and most significant common urban communities had been brought into the training system. Increasingly significant associations showed up by mid-century, as hotels along the scarp slant isolating the Severn and Thames valleys permitted dealers to join the hinterlands of Bristol and London. The development of London and the fashioning of a national economy were both circumstances and logical results of advancements in both horticulture. In agribusiness the continuous spread of new methods was represented by another vogue in handbooks, for example, Walter Blith's The English Improver (1649). As the market extended more consideration was given to the yields and cultivating rehearses most appropriate to neighborhood soils: the developing fame of 'convertible' or 'here and there' farming, exchanging times of arable and field, is clear across a lot of marsh England. Additional striking despite everything is the way numerous ranchers, little just as enormous, changed over to new money crops like madder and woad for color, to tobacco in the Severn valley, just as to showcase planting around towns (Mark Stoyle, 1994). Despite the fact that the full effect of the new harvests was uniquely to be felt after mid-century, when loosening request urged ranchers to raise efficiency, En gland gradually surpassed a great part of the remainder of Europe in its capacity to take care of and utilize a developing populace. Starvation in the emergency of 1623 was constrained toward the northwest; and from that point, notwithstanding horrifying hardship in the later 1640s, starvation appears to have been pretty much disposed of. The pervasiveness of household creation in materials, in cowhide working, in many parts of the metal business, makes it difficult to gauge financial misery. Typical cost for basic items figures measure costs in the market. A great part of the populace was occupied with both agribusiness and industry: the little rancher whose spouse and hireling did some auxiliary turning or loading weaving, the craftsman digger with a little plot of land appended to his cabin, even Norwich workers who accomplished reap work in close by fields during the 1630s, and

Bangor

Bangor Bangor bang ´gôr, ban ´â€", bang ´g?r [key], city (1990 pop. 33,181), seat of Penobscot co., S Maine, at the confluence of the Penobscot and Kenduskeag rivers; inc. as a town 1791, as a city 1834. It is a port of entry, commercial center, and gateway to an extensive resort and lumber region. Major industries include the production of shoes, pulp and paper, and wood products. The city was settled in 1769 and was known as Sunbury. During the War of 1812 it was occupied by the British. In the 19th cent., Bangor was a shipbuilding center that carried on an extensive coastal and overseas trade in lumber, stone, and ice. The city has a theological seminary, a conservatory of music, and three colleges. Bangor International Airport, part of which was once Dow Air Force Base, has one of the longest runways in the United States. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Issue Of Child Labor - 1196 Words

The issue of child labor has drawn significant attention since early 1990s as many labor union and special interest groups advocate banning import of goods produced by the child labor in developing countries and the international consensus in the form of Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC) which is widely ratified in 1989 by countries (Boyden, Ling and Myers, 1998). However, concern regarding child labor is not new and can be dated back to industrial revolution, especially late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, in England many parents were helpless but to send their children to work to cope the increasing poverty and inequality. (Horrell and Humphries, 1995; Edmonds, 2007). Nevertheless, before the industrial revolution and†¦show more content†¦There have been steady decline in the incidence of child s exposure to hazardous work and child labor on balance. However, the recent estimates of child labor are still astonishingly high and the trend predict even slowe r pace of decline in child labor. According to ILO report in 2012, for age group 5-17 years 16.7 percent (or 264,427 in absolute number) of children are in some form of employment, 10.6 percent (equivalently 167,956) is considered as child labor, and 5.4 percent (equivalently 85,344) is involved in hazardous work. Although these figures are lower than the corresponding figures in 2000, the absolute numbers of child labor are still very high (ILO 2013). Policy measures adopted to reduce child labor are derived from an increasing number of theoretical and empirical research on this issue specially since late 1990s. Theoretical studies use the household decision making model to explain the incidence of child labor and attempt to find the determinants of child labor. Initial models that attempt to explain the phenomenon of child labor assume an exploitative household where child is considered household s asset and parents are the sole decision maker who maximizes their welfare disregar ding the welfare of child. In these models parents are selfish and child labor is chosen if it maximizes household welfare which may disregardShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Child Labor Laws1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States of America has always been deeply ideologically split on the idea of child labor. On the one side, many people believe that children benefit from long hard hours at work because it prepares them for the real world unlike the ability of school. Along with the growth of the child, they also believe that it would create large economical growth throughout the nation. Among the many people that believe this are two of hour founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin and Abraham Lincoln. Read MoreChild Labor : Issues And Social Work Intervention2936 Words   |  12 PagesCHILD LABOR: ISSUES AND SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION INTRODUCTION â€Å"The Child is father of the Man† by Wordsworth A nation’s greatest asset is its women and children. Children are the greatest gift to humanity and Childhood stage of human development holds the potential to the future development of any society. Every nation links its future with the present status of its children. By engaging themselves in work at early, children unduly reduce their present welfare or their future income earning capabilitiesRead MoreTroubling Issues of Child Labor in Between Shades of Grey by Ruta Sepetys597 Words   |  3 Pagestroubling issue of child labor. The extent of child labor in a country is directly linked by the nature and extent of poverty within it. Child labor deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity. It is detrimental to physical and mental development. Today, there are an estimated 246 million child laborers around the globe. This irritating social issue is not only violates a nation’s minimum age laws , it also involves intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child traffickingRead MoreCase Study of Ikea1445 Words   |  6 Pagesrugs, used the child labor to produce products, although they had signed an attachment of the contract to ban employing child labor. In addition, a German documentary maker was about to broadcast the problem of child labor on German television and also invited an employee from IKEA to have a live discussion in the TV program. Marianne Barner, the leader of IKEA, must find a great solution to this serious issue to both save her business and the corporation’s brand image. In this issue, IKEA was notRead MoreChild Labour And Child Labor1600 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor Issues There are children that suffer through child labor daily. Child labor is the use of children in a business or industry, usually illegal. â€Å"3 billion people around the world survive on $2.50 a day or less. And 2 billion people do not hold a bank account or have access to essential financial services† (â€Å"Living in Poverty†1). Children that are normally in labor come from a poor family that’s in need of money so badly that it comes down to selling their own children or puttingRead MoreChild Labor As A Cultural Norm1604 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately 215 million children under the age of 15 that are working in the child labor industry around the world. What can be done to resolve this global issue? Child labor is when companies use children to perform manufacturing duties— typically being paid in low wages. There are many different reasons and causes of child labor such as: poverty, globalization, and corruption. In some countries, however, c hild labor is considered a cultural norm. Although most prevalent in third-world and underdevelopedRead MoreResearch Paper On Child Labor1354 Words   |  6 PagesSource Aweys Ahmed Aweys Date: 11/16/2015 Dr. Kim Global Issues Research paper Child Labor Introduction: For centuries and years child labor has become one of the biggest problem in the world. It’s a challenge and long-term work for many countries to put an end to child labor especially those developing countries it’s one of the issues that’s considered as serious issue these days. Child labor refers to children’s who lose their rights and do things that aren’t supposedRead MoreChild Labor in America773 Words   |  4 PagesAlzatia Wilson Western Civilization 1 Mrs. S. Melton November 30, 2009 Child Labor in America Our child labor issue an ongoing world wide effect, currently among America’s society. Researchers even today and our up and down crisis we face economically, leave us with the understanding that poverty is a main cause of child labor. Still in America poor families depend heavenly upon their children working in order to improve their chances of attaining basic necessities. American history goesRead MoreChild Labor Is The Lack Of Intergenerational Human Capital Development1639 Words   |  7 Pagesthat child labor is highly exploitative and is driven by long hours in deplorable conditions in sweat shops, prostitution rings, and rebel armies. While this perception has been very effective at raising awareness and action on the issue of child labor, it is quite misleading as only a small percentage of wage labor is of such an exploitative nature. It is imperative to take a more nuanced view of child labor and accept that it is not inherently bad as the current stigmatized view of the issue wouldRead MoreCan Child Labor Be Stopped?1588 Words   |  7 PagesCan Child Labor be Stopped? There are approximately 215 million children under the age of 15 that are working in the child labor industry around the world. What can be done to resolve this global issue? Child labor is when companies use children to perform manufacturing duties— typically being paid in low wages. There are many different reasons and causes of child labor such as: poverty, globalization, and corruption. In some countries, however, child labor is considered a cultural norm. Although

The Episode Of Violence Toward Me From A Patient - 858 Words

In this essay, I will provide the description and analysis of the episode of violence toward me from a patient, my thoughts and feelings regarding this matter, my actions, and conclusion. During my summer placement in Neurosurgery unit, I was assigned to care of 24-years-old patient, Mr. R.T, who suffered from Dravet Syndrome (Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy) and intellectual delay. Mr. R.T. was admitted to the unit due to increased dysphagia for the past two weeks and exacerbation of seizures. It was hard for me to find meaningful way of communication with him due to his serious developmental delay; however, the patient was sometimes able to express his preferences by telling â€Å"more, yes†. Health care providers in the unit were aware of, and some already experienced a behavioral aggression from Mr. R.T. When I tried to flush his Saline Lock, the patient suddenly hit me 2 times to my left hand. I never expected this and I was emotionally assaulted. 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Critically Evaluate the Use of Personality Assessment in Work Settings Free Essays

string(119) " the use of forced-choice, or ipsative inventories, in which neither option is more socially desirable than the other\." Critically Evaluate The Use Of Personality Assessment In Work Settings. What Are The Important Professional Issues? Abstract Personality tests are used in a work setting, predominantly for the purpose of recruitment and selection. A number of professional issues exist around the use of personality tests in this setting, and practitioners should be clear of the possible flaws involved in the use of personality tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Evaluate the Use of Personality Assessment in Work Settings or any similar topic only for you Order Now The literature has highlighted concerns with the faking of personality tests. Individuals faking tests can mean those who obtain the highest scores are the ones who are recruited. This should be considered where personality tests are used for recruiting the top candidates as opposed to being used for removing the least suitable candidates. The validity of personality tests has to be considered when being used for selection purpose. A high face validity of tests can increase the likelihood of faking tests; yet low face validity can result in the personality tests being rejected by candidates. Practitioners have to also take into account a number of ethical issues before using personality tests in a work setting. Key Words: Personality testing; Faking; Validity; Recruitment; Ethics. Introduction Personality tests are used in a work setting at the stage of recruitment, and also once people are within a job, to assess their working preferences. Personality traits have been found to be predictive of a number of outcomes, ranging from health behaviours to task performance (Hough Oswald, 2008). Work specific factors related to personality types include Job Performance, Work Motivation, Leadership and Adaptability (Morgeson et al. , 2007). Using the Big Five personality traits, Judge et al. (2001) found that Conscientiousness, significantly predicts job performance across different organisational settings, and Emotional stability also predicts overall Job Performance. Organisations wish to recruit the candidates who show the greatest probability of performing well in the role and those who are going to benefit the most from the use of all of the training opportunities provided by the organisation (Shum, O’Gorman Myors, 2006:147). However, the use of personality assessments can be debated, and a number of factors have to be considered before using personality tests to make important decisions about individuals’ careers. The focus of this essay is on the use of personality assessment in organisations, primarily in recruitment and selection, and the issues practitioners need to be aware of before using personality assessments. Faking Faking of personality tests is been described by terms such as â€Å"response distortion, impression management, social desirability, displaying unlikely virtues, and self-enhancement† (Griffin, Chmielowski Yoshita, 2007). The many definitions may account for the substantial number of published articles relating to the faking of personality tests (Morgeson et al. , 2007). Researchers have suggested that it should be expected that individuals will give inaccurate responses in self-report tests due to the value attached to the outcome (Hogan, Barrett, Hogan, 2007). However, there is little consensus in the research, about the frequency of faking, or how to address the issue. As selection is often carried out in a top-down approach, where those who perform in the top 5-10% are selected to progress (Arthur, Woehr, Graziano, 2001), the possibility of candidates faking personality tests should be a serious consideration for practitioners, otherwise those who have falsely represented themselves will be selected. Where it is obvious what is being tested in self-report questionnaires, there is likely to be a greater opportunity to fake responses. The face validity of questionnaires is an important issue, as it is likely to contribute to faking. Furnham Drakeley (2000) found that managers tend to use personality tests with high face validity, due to concerns about having to rationalise the use of the test to participants. Alternatively, using low face validity personality tests could mean the participants reject the appropriateness of the test, and do not fully engage with it (Kline, 2000:430). However, where face validity of personality tests is high, the accuracy of personality tests scores can be distorted by individuals who assume they know what the â€Å"best response† is, and give an extreme rating. Arthur et al. ,(2001) suggest that it is easy to assume the extreme scores on a scale are the most or least desired, due to the wording of questions. Ironically, ‘fakers’ may overrate themselves and appear to be inappropriate for a role. For example, conscientiousness has been found to be easier to fake than other personality traits such as â€Å"Openness to Experiences† (Griffin, Hesketh Grayson, 2004); therefore individual who rate themselves to be overly Conscientious may be restrained by rules and be unsuitable for the position. Practitioners have to be aware of the limitations of high face validity and the likelihood of faked responses (Kline 2000: 255). Much of the research around faking of personality tests has been lab-based, and carried out on students (Judge et al. 2008), therefore the question as to whether they do cheat in reality needs to be examined (Griffin, Chmielowski Yoshita, 2007). Hogan et al. ,(2007) looked at responses to personality tests in the application process for a customer service role, and compared responses given at two stages by 5,266 applicants, over a six month interval. Hogan et al. , suggested that if individuals do fake personality tests at the recruitment stage, they ar e most likely to do so once they have been rejected from the job on a previous occasion. The findings indicated little difference in the personality measures from time one and time two. These findings would suggest that not all applicants attempt to fake in actual recruitment settings. However, findings by Griffin et al. ,(2007) indicated that some participants do fake their personality when applying to jobs, and this has an impact on the rank order of scores. A professional implication of these findings is that practitioners have to be cautious when interpreting personality scores, but should not be cynical by disregarding personality measures totally. As well as being aware of issues around faking, practitioners should be aware of the methods used to reduce or identify faking. A proactive method used included the use of forced-choice, or ipsative inventories, in which neither option is more socially desirable than the other. You read "Critically Evaluate the Use of Personality Assessment in Work Settings" in category "Essay examples" An alternative option is to use instructional warnings against faking. A reactive method for â€Å"fixing† faking can be the use of social desirability scales or a lie scale within the inventory which indicate if a respondent is faking. However, there is little evidence supporting the effectiveness of strategies such as instructional warnings and forced choice item format (Hogan et al. , 2007), and social desirability questions are likely to be more transparent in their urpose, and therefore prone being to faked (Griffin et al. , 2007). With all of the issues surrounding faking of personality tests, it has been argued that instead of using the tests as a method of recruiting the â€Å"best† performers on the test , there is actually a greater benefit in using the measures as a form of rejecting the poorest performers when using tests to â€Å"select out† (Mueller- Hanson, Heggestad Thornton, 2003). Using personality tests for selecting out applicants would allow those who have performed poorly, and those who have faked but not been successful in obtaining the benchmark score, to be rejected. Validity In the past decade there has been considerable evidence in the academic literature for the support of personality tests for selection, but a there have been concerns about the predicative validity of personality tests relating to work related behaviour (Meyer et al. , 2001). However, practitioners continued to use personality measures for selection purpose (Bartram, 2004), disregarding the academic arguments. Critics often highlight the â€Å"low† validity scores of the best predictor in the Big Five with Job Performance, Conscientiousness (r=0. 23; Judge et al. 2008), where as other methods of assessment, such as the use of General Mental Ability tests which have been found to have a predictive validity of r=0. 51 (Schmidt Hunter, 1998). However, the validity score of Conscientiousness should not be dismissed. Meyer et al. , (2001) identified a large number of medical and psychological interventions, which produce correlations of approximately . 15 to . 30, are comm only accepted by professionals, such as taking regular aspirin to reduce risk of heart attacks. It can be argued that academics are actually focussing on a â€Å"gold standard† score of validity (Judge et al. 2008), and not looking at the benefits of other interventions that have similar predictive validities. Schmidt Hunter (1998) suggest that using a combination of measures with relatively low validity on their own, when combined would be more than sufficient for use in recruiting, for example combining a conscientiousness tests, work sample tests and a job knowledge tests. Practitioners should have a clear understanding of the criterion validity of personality measures in relationship to job performance, and be aware of large degree of unaccountable variance that can occur. There is no guarantee that an individual who scores highly on a personality measure will be successful in their role, and an individual’s skills and ability are likely to account for a large part of their performance in the role (Shum et al. ,2006:161). Ethics It is important that ethical issues are taken into consideration when using personality measures in a work setting. First of all, organisations have to be aware of the qualifications required by the individual administering the personality tests and interpreting them. In the UK, the British Psychological Society sets a requisite standard through the attainment of Level A Level B qualifications in order to administer and interpret both ability and personality tests. However, not all individuals who administer tests are responsible for interpreting the data, therefore the those who are administering the test should obtain the Occupational Test Administration qualification (British Psychological Society, 2000). Insufficient training on the use of a personality measure can result in misinterpretation of the results and render the test useless. Where individuals have not been provided with sufficient training to administer tests, there is the possibility of providing inconsistent instructions to participants, and leading to errors or biases in the results (Kline, 2000:9). An issue that ties in with the Level B training is that practitioners are trained to use one specific test, therefore they may only ever use this one test, and not take into consideration the appropriateness of the test they are using for the specific needs of the organisation. Organisations need to be aware of the issues around the feedback they provide to individuals who take part in personality measures. How feedback is interpreted by individuals should be considered, and whether they will understand the meaning of the scores (Kline, 2000:431). Where a candidate completes a personality test, but does not score at the top of the group, they may feel they are not suitable for the organisation, or the type of role they are applying for. The implications of what is reported back to the candidates can result in an individual making major decisions about the type of role they apply for in the future, should they be told that they scored significantly â€Å"poorly† in the personality test (Toplis, Dulewicz Fletcher, 2005:37). Practitioners should clearly explain the reason for the personality measures used, and ensure the feedback they provide will not have a negative impact on the individual. An important consideration for practitioners should be the possible biases held within personality tests, which can be biased towards a gender, race, social class or disability. These factors can influence the score of a personality test, and can mask actual scores (British Psychological Society, 2000). However, there is evidence to suggest that the use of personality measures balances out the biases of ability tests, when comparing different racial groups. Therefore the combined use of ability and personality tests can be beneficial (Bartram, 2004). When testing individuals with disabilities, factors such as the time required, the environment being tested in, and the method of testing, all have to be considered to ensure the testing process is fair (Toplis, Dulewicz Fletcher, 2005:42). Conclusion Researchers have identified clear benefits in using personality measures in a work related environment, especially when recruiting to a post. However, the use of personality assessment should be considered as a supplementary method of selection into a role, due to the number of possible factors that can influence the results of a personality test. It is clear that faking of tests is a well researched area, however, little consensus exists with how to best address the possibility that individuals will fake a test that has a value attached to the outcome (Hogan et al. , 2007). One possible solution is to use the tests as a form of selecting out those who are in the lowest percentile (Mueller-Hanson et al. 2003), and using additional measures to support the selection of those who perform in the upper percentile. The concerns about the criterion validity of personality measures and job performance have raised doubts about the suitability of personality assessments. When comparing single personality traits with alternative methods of assessment for their predictive validity, it is clear that alternative methods are stronger pre dictors of work related behaviours (Schmidt Hunter, 1998), however, personality measures are still considered reliable measures, therefore should be used to supplement alternative methods or assessment. It is clear that the ethical implications of using personality assessments are an important factor, as they can influence the outcome of the tests as well as the responses of the participants. If practitioners do not follow the correct procedures by providing adequate instructions and ensuring standardised conditions, it is likely that individuals will reject the tests (Kline, 2000:9). It is also important to consider the effects of taking a personality assessment, and then knowing you failed to meet the cut off point. The way in which feedback is given can have detrimental effects of individuals therefore the issue should be approached with caution (Toplis et al, 2005:37). In conclusion, there are a number of issues that need to be considered when using personality assessments in a work setting. The benefit of gauging an individual’s behaviour through assessing their personality is clear, however, practitioners should be aware of the flaws in personality assessment, and be aware of alternative forms of assessment when selecting individuals for a job, to supplement personality assessments. Word count: 2173 REFERENCES Arthur W. J. , Woehr D. J. , Graziano W. G. (2001). Personality Testing In Employment Settings: Problems And Issues In The Application Of Typical Selection Practices. Personnel Review, 30(5),657-677 Bartram, D. (2004). Assessment In Organisations. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 237-259. British Psychological Association,(2000). Psychological Testing: A User’s Guide Psychological. Leicester: The British Psychological Society Furnham, A. , Drakely, R. (2000). Predicting Occupational Personality Test Scores. Journal of Psychology, 134, 103-111 Griffin, B. , Hesketh, B. , Grayson. D. (2004). Applicants Faking Good: Evidence of Item Bias In The Neo Pi-R. Personality and Individual Differences, 36 (7), 1545-1558. Griffith R. L, Chmielowski T. S, Yoshita Y. (2007). Do Applicants Fake? An Examination Of The Frequency Of Applicant Faking Behavior. Personnel Review, 36 (3), 341–355. Hogan, J. , Barrett,P. , Hogan R. (2007). Personality Measurement, Faking, And Employment Selection. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 92,(5), 1270–1285 Hough, L. M. , Oswald, F. L. 2008) Personality Testing and Industrial– Organizational Psychology: Reflections, Progress, And Prospects Industrial And Organizational Psychology, 1, 272–290. Judge, T. A. , Klinger, R. , Simon, L. S. , Yang, I. W. F. (2008). The Contributions of Personality to Organizational Behavior And Psychology: Findings, Criticisms, And Future Research Directions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1982-2000. Kline P. (2000) The Handbook Of Psychological Testing, (2 Ed). London: Routledge, Meyer, G. J. , Finn, S. E. , Eyde, L. D. , Kay, G. G. , Moreland, K. L. , Dies, R. R. , Et Al. (2001). Psychological Testing And Psychological Assessment: A Review Of Evidence And Issues. American Psychologist, 56, 128–165. Morgeson, F. P. , Campion, M. A. , Dipboye, R. L. , Hollenbeck, J. R. , Murphy, K. , Schmitt, N. (2007). Are We Getting Fooled Again? Coming To Terms With Limitations In The Use Of Personality Tests For Personnel Selection. Personnel Psychology, 60, 1029-1049 Mueller-Hanson, R. , Heggestad, E. D. , Thornton III, G. C. (2003). Faking and Selection: Considering The Use Of Personality From Select-In And Select-Out Perspectives. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 88 (2), 348-355. Schmidt, F. L. , Hunter, J. E. (1998). The Validity and Utility Of Selection Methods In Personnel Psychology: Practical And Theoretical Implications Of 85 Years Of Research Findings. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. I24 (2), 262-74. Shum, D. , Myors, B. , O’Gorman, J. (2006) Psychological Testing and Assessment. Oxford:Oxford University Press Toplis, J. , Dulewicz, V. , Fletcher, C. (2005) Psychological Testing (4th eds). London:Institute of Personnel Development. How to cite Critically Evaluate the Use of Personality Assessment in Work Settings, Essay examples

Deborah and OPD

Questions: (a) Advise Deborah on any claims that she may have against ODP in Breach of contract,and (b) Advise Deborah on the damages she may recover if she is successful; include in your advice the principles the court will use when deciding whether to award substantial damages in respect of breach of contract. Answers: A.The formation of a contract is something which has been discussed in details under the given law and the section. Forming of a contract is something which has a number of aspects to itself which when fulfilled form a valid contract. In order to see whether a breach of contract has been committed, one needs to see whether or not there has been a contract, hence when there is a contract then only can a breach of contract take place and thence one can claim the damages from the defendant. In order to form a contract there shall be two parties, or more, in this case there are two parties, Deborah being one and ODP being the other. There are certain valid essentials which need to be fulfilled in order to formulate a valid contract and the valid essentials being, there should be an offer and there should be an acceptance to that offer, and this transaction should take place in exchange for a consideration which is that the offering party might want to receive in exchange of a commodity o r a service. This transaction which is being talked about should be in context of a valid and legal dealing and should be something illegal. Moreover the acceptance (AGC (Advances) Ltd v McWhirter (1977) 1 BLR 9454) to the offer should be out of free will or consent and should not be a result of coercion or undue influence. Both the parties basic intention should be to create a legal relationship (Administration of PNG v Leahy) between themselves and that each of the contracting parties should have the capacity to form a contract that is they should be of sound mind and that they should not be minors, and that the basis of the contract should be something which should be real and that can be fulfilled and lastly there should be involvement of legal formalities which makes the while affair a legal contract. Now when the matter is reverted back to the case, it can be noticed that all the essentials of the contract has been fulfilled, as there has been an offer and an acceptance which is legal and the legal formalities, and a legal relation is made (Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd [1989] 2 NSWLR 309) also have been fulfilled and since Deborah has paid the amount which was required the bills after ODPs work, the consideration has been considered. Besides there is no force or coercion involved in the agreement of both the parties and that the parties are capable of forming contracts between themselves. Since there is a contract (Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424) one has to see which actions by either of the party can cause a breach in contract and what of the mentioned has been noticed in the given case to proceed with the breach of contract. There are certain clauses which when occurs reaches the point when it can be called a brea ch of contract where some of them are that the time duration implied in the contract expires, the parties fail to perform their duties within the given period of time, the parties might not have the capacity within themselves to fulfill the obligations which was decided upon when the contract was initiated, the obligations are misunderstood and performed in a way which was not required or they just are not willing to perform the duties which had been decided upon. One of the reason why there can be a breach of contract can also be that there might be a basic clause for the formation of the contract like in this case Deborah was very specific that her house should have a place where she can display her paintings which indeed were very costly and at the same time the room should have the feature to display the paintings. ODPs senior partner Ahmed assured her that the modern technology has developed glasses which can block the harmful rays of sunlight and hence that would be used for t he making of the house and its window settings the paintings would find no harm. And when Deborah got the independent contractors to design her house they strictly followed the specifications and the designs which were provided by ODP, and later it was discovered that no such glass mentioned by ODP was used because it was absent from the specification itself though such glass existed, the specification made by ODP was incorrect due to which Deborah had to incur certain losses which included the charge of getting new windows which could result somewhere around 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 and that the paintings value would be somewhere around 750,000. It can be assumed that upon completion of the house she would have displayed the given paintings and thence discovered that the glass had none of the qualities which Ahmed had mentioned and hence the contract between Deborah and ODP had been breached because one of the most important clause of the contract was that the house to have the respe ctive capacity where she should be able to display her paintings and that for this requirement the installations of certain specific glasses was required which had to have certain properties that included photo or sunlight protective ones. This was something which was not specified and hence the aim of the contract was lost as the specifications mentioned by Deborah and that what was promised by Ahmed was not fulfilled, hence the obligation which had to be fulfilled by ODP was not fulfilled, thus the breach of contract (Foran v Wight [1989] HCA 51; (1989) 168 CLR 385). Hence now that it has been agreed upon that there exists a breach of contract one has to discuss about the damages (Howe v Teefy (1927) 27 SR (NSW) 301) too which Deborah can claim because she has faced monetary losses and that also because of the non-implementation of the obligation by Ahmed the extra cost that she would have to incur. Either the matter can be legally enforced that is it can be dragged to the court of law or can be solved by methods other than that which can be taken to the court which are also known as alternative dispute resolution. There are certain kinds of damages which Deborah can claim in this case well and they have been discussed further. Liquidated damages: they happen to be specific in nature and are very near to the actual damages when one of the parties incur but this is usually something which is mentioned at the beginning of the contract itself which is not seen in this case, and in case there was a clause like that in the contract which is not mentioned in the case study this topic can be something which can be seek help from. Nominal damages: this can be given in the form of damages which are token like in nature but in the case where such damages are given, no actual money loss is incurred by the other party than the breaching party and hence this is not what Deborah can claim. Punitive damages: this is a payment which has to be made by the breaching party to the non-breaching party so as to fully compensate for the loss, but this is a way of punishing the wrongs of the breaching party and this is not something which is easily awarded but is seen in rare cases and this might not be something which Deborah can claim. Compensatory damages: these aim at compensation and Deborah might consider this kind of damage as this puts the non-breaching party in the position where he so he might have been if the breach was not committed. Apart from the mentioned damages the person can simply ask for monetary compensation for the loss that has been faced by the non-breaching party due to the breach of contract (Shevill v Builders Licensing Board [1982] HCA 47; (1982) 149 CLR 620) by the breaching party, ODP in this case. There are two other methods too which are used when damages are being claimed, namely restitution or cancellation of the contract which is something that Deborah cannot proceed with now and specific performance (Tanwar Enterprises Pty Ltd v Cauchi [2003] HCA 57; 217 CLR 315; 201 ALR 359; 77 ALJR 1853) which also Deborah cannot claim because then the court orders the party to perform or obligate the other party as mentioned in the contract which cannot be done in this case as now the changing of specifications of the glasses which were supposed to be used will not compensate Deborahs loss in any way. Hence the above mentioned damages (Shaddock (L) Associates Pty Ltd v City of Parramatta (1981) 150 CLR 225) are the ones amongst which Deborah can seek help from. B.Like it has been mentioned above the claims that can be brought up by Deborah would be in the form of damages which she can claim. The claims of Deborah would be basically to compensate for the losses that have been incurred and this like discussed above would be in the form of damages which ODP has to pay or perform. The fact that Deborah would be successful in claiming some damage or the other stands true because it has been proved that that there was a contract between ODP and Deborah and that there has been a breach in contract because of which she has faced the damages which has been mentioned in the case study and also as discussed above. The damages are something when proved have to be decided what and how much. One thing one can be sure of is that Deborah can claim damages from ODP, but the point remains what kind of damages and how much can she claim. This is something which has to be decided by the court of law if the parties are not taking up alternative dispute resolvin g methods, and as far as this case is concerned Deborah would go to a court of law to claim the damages she has faced because of the breach of contract which has taken place in this case. The court of law considers different aspects of the breach of contract and also the remoteness of the breach in order to determine the kind of damages that should be awarded to the aggrieving part. Hence the damages, the kind of damages which can be awarded and the principles which are usually considered when determining the damages which should be awarded has been further discussed in detail in order to determine what kind of damage would Deborah get out of the claims she will make against ODP because of which she has faced losses. The breach of contract is already something which has been discussed above, that is how the exact measure of the damages of breach would be calculated. Usually there are important ways in which the court decides as to how the breach can be equated with the damages as in how much of damages that has been claimed can and should actually be paid by the breaching party. The principles which are to be considered before awarding the damages are as follows- Remote nature: the court usually determines the remoteness of the breach which has occurred, that is if the breach if remote enough then only will the court proceed with the awarding of damages and that is how it will decide what kind of damages should be awarded to the non-breaching party. (Hadley v Baxendale) Causation: it has to be proved by the plaintiff that the breach of contract which has taken place has also resulted in the loss which has been faced by him or her because of the breach which has taken place, even this is a criterion before the court settles the matter about the damages. (As Mason CJ said in EH March v Stramare (E MH) Pty Ltd) Mitigation: if it is proved that there is no space for the non-breaching party to minimize, lessen or not increase the loss, that is any of the ways were not present in which the non-breaching party could have avoided or lessened the breach, then the court will proceed with awarding the damages to the party which has incurred the loss and depending upon the remoteness of the loss the damages will be awarded. the kinds of damages which are awarded by the court also needs to be discussed so that one can spot what damage can Deborah claim and how the court will decide to settle the case by awarding Deborah the required damages. Remedies for the breach of contract has mentioned various ways in which Deborah can claim the damages and out of the damages which has already been mentioned above, the category of damage that Deborah should claim and can claimare compensatory damages. The compensatory damages like mentioned above are the damages which would generally restore the good and economic position of the person who has been wronged and this is what Deborah can claim, but this again is divided into several parts and also depends upon the quantum or the measure of damage which has to be determined. Ex contractu- Breach of contract duty: where the court would award monetary damages so that the loss faced by the plaintiff can be recovered. This is the simplest form of damage which can be claimed in this case as rest of the kinds of damages which are usually claimed in breach of contract do not stand true in this case, including specific performance and cancellation of the contract. Monetary damages or liquidated damages are awarded in this kind of category however the case maybe. Under the compensatory damages, the consequential damages is also a category which has to be studied as this damage might be a direct or an indirect result of the breach of contract as it is in this case where ODPs specifications of the wrong kind of glasses for the rooms where the paintings were to be displayed made Deborah face a loss where she would have to get new windows placed, but also that the paintings were affected because of being displayed in a room which had glasses which could not protect i t from extra sunlight which was exactly what the contract was about which took place between Ahmed and Deborah. These losses faced by Deborah are easy to identify and hence can be recovered in the monetary form where the case can look into the matter and get the monetary loss calculated and award Deborah exactly what she needs to get new windows and also the paintings fixed. This loss would not have occurred if ODP would have paid attention to the requirements of the contract which had already been discussed by Deborah with the senior executive Ahmed, thus the court would reward the required amount of damages. References Four Essential Elements of a Contract. Available: https://www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/business-topics/money-tax-and-legal/legal-matters/business-contracts/four-essential-elements-of-a-contract/. Last accessed 26th April 2015. What are the essentials of a valid contract? Available: https://www.bms.co.in/what-are-the-essentials-of-a-valid-contract/. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Essentials of a valid Contract. Available: https://youcanwin.hubpages.com/hub/Essentials-of-a-valid-Contract. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Essential elements of a valid contract. Available: https://www.slideshare.net/Sweetp999/essential-elements-of-a-valid-contract. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Shivam Kumar. (2012). ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A VALID CONTRACT. Available: https://shivamlawworld.blogspot.in/2012/02/essential-elements-of-valid-contract.html. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Creating a legally enforceable Contract. Available: https://www.lawyer.ie/ten-step-law/creating-a-legally-enforceably-contract. Last accessed 26th April 2015. What are the basic requirements for making a valid contract? Available: https://www.hkclic.org/en/topics/businessAndCommerce/setting_up_business_in_Hong_Kong/making_a_business_contract/q1.shtml. Last accessed 26th April 2015. BREACH OF CONTRACT. Available: https://jec.unm.edu/education/online-training/contract-law-tutorial/breach-of-contract. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Breach of Contract" and Lawsuits. Available: https://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-contracts-forms/breach-of-contract-and-lawsuits.html. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Breach of Contract Remedies. Available: https://www.goldsmithibs.com/resources/free/Breach-of-Contract/notes/Breach-of-Contract-Remedies.pdf. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Joanne Chaina Perdriau. (2012). Damages for breach of contract. Available: https://www.cbp.com.au/Publications/Damages-for-breach-of-contract?utm_source=Mondaqutm_medium=syndicationutm_campaign=View-Original. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Remedies for breach of contract. Available: https://www.ag.gov.au/Consultations/Documents/ReviewofAustraliancontractlaw/Remediesforbreachofcontract.pdf. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Cases. Available: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases.html. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Ashley Dugger. (). Remedies for Breach of Contract: Formula for Expectation Damages. Available: https://study.com/academy/lesson/remedies-for-breach-of-contract-formula-for-expectation-damages.html. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Jessica Tam. (). Types of Damages Available for Breach of Contract. Available: https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/types-of-damages-available-for-breach-of-contract.html. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Travis Mitchell. (). CONTRACTUAL BREACH: CONSEQUENCES AND MONETARY REMEDIES. Available: https://travismitchellbarrister.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/travis_mitchell_contractual-breach-consequences.pdf. Last accessed 26th April 2015. David Pearce and Roger Halson. (). DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT: COMPENSATION, RESTITUTION, AND VINDICATION. Available: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3518/1/pearced1.pdf. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Damages for Breach of Contract: Compensation, Restitution and Vindication. Available: https://ojls.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/73.full.pdf?keytype=refijkey=98SbjX7. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Calculating damages for breach of contract. Available: https://www.gannons.co.uk/services/dispute-resolution/breach-of-contract/. Last accessed 26th April 2015. Christopher Garrah and Christos Gazeas. (2007). REVISITING DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT. Available: https://www.mcmillan.ca/Files/136161_Revisiting%20Damages%20for%20Breach%20of%20Contract.pdf. Last accessed 26th April 2015.

Scope of Financial Management free essay sample

Financial Management can be defined as:The management of the finances of a business / organisation in order to achieve financial objectives. Taking a commercial business as the most common organisational structure, the key objectives of financial management would be tocreate wealth for the business ,generate cash, andprovide an adequate return on investment bearing in mind the risks that the business is taking and the resources invested. There are three key elements to the process of financial management: Financial Planning Financial Control Financial Decision-making Meaning and Defination Meaning of Financial Management Financial Management is that specialised function of general management which is related to the procurement of finance and its effective utilisation for the achievement of common goal of the organisation. It includes each and every aspect of financial activity in the business. Financial Management has been defined differently by different scholars. A few of the definitions are being reproduced below:- â€Å"Financial Management is an area of financial decision making harmonizing individual motives and enterprise goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Scope of Financial Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †- Weston and Brigam. Financial Management is the application of the planning and control functions to the finance function. †- Howard and Upton. â€Å"Financial Management is the operational activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively, utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operations. †- Joseph and Massie. From the above definitions, it is clear that financial management is that specialised activity which is responsible for obtaining and affectively utilizing the funds for the efficient functioning of the business and, therefor, it includes financial planning, financial administration and financial control. According to me, â€Å" Financial Management is a system in which rotate planning , control and decision making. †-chudasama sulochanaba Objectives of Finance Function For optimum financial decisions, the objectives of financial management shall be clearly defined. They should be so laid down that they contribute directly towards the achievement of overall business objectives. Objectives provide a normative framework within which a firm is to take decisions. Financing is the functional area of objective of the business and contribute directly towards it. The main objectives of a business are survival and growth. In order to survive ups and downs in the business, the business must earn sufficient profits and it should also maintain proper relations with shareholders, customers, suppliers and other social groups. The financial management of an organisation must seek to achieve the following objectives: †¢To ensure adequate and regular supply of funds. †¢To provide a fair rate of return to the suppliers of capital viz. shareholders. †¢To ensure effective utilization of funds by maintaining proper balance between profitability, liquidity and safety. to generate and build up sufficient surplus for expansion and growth through ploughing back of profits. †¢To minimize cost of capital by developing a sound capital between various securities issued by the company. †¢To coordinate the activities of the finance department with the activities of other departments in the organisation. Scope of Functions of Financial Manag ement The finance department of an enterprise performs several functions in order to achieve the above objectives. The scope of finance function is very wide. It consists of the following activities: 1. Estimating the Requirement of Funds :- The finance department must estimate the capital requirements of the firm accurately for long term and short term needs. In estimating the capital requirements of the business, the finance department must take help of the budgets of various activities of the business e. g. sales budget, production budget, expenses budget etc. prepared by the concerned departments. In the initial stage, the estimate is done by promoters but in a growing concern, it is done by the finance department. Unless the financial forecast is correct, business is likely to run into difficulties due to excess or shortage of funds. Correct estimates ensure the availability of funds as and when they are needed. In estimating the requirement of funds, nature and size of the business, modernization and expansion plan should be given due consideration. 2. Determining the Capital Structure :- By capital structure we mean the kind and proportion of different securities for raising the required funds. Once the total requirement of funds is etermined, a decision regarding the type of securities to be issued and the relative proportion between them is to be taken. The finance department must determine the proper mix of debt and equity. It should also decide the ratio between long term and short term debts. In determining these ratios, cost of raising finance from different sources, period for which funds are required and several other factors should be considered. A proper balance between risk and re turns should be maintained. Choice of Sources of Finance:- A company can raise funds from different sources e. g. hareholders, debenture holders, banks, financial institutions, public deposits etc. Before raising the funds, it has to decide the source from which the funds are to be raised. The choice of the source of finance should be made very carefully by taking a number of factors into account such as cost of raising funds, conditions attached, charge on assets, burden of fixed charges, dilution of ownership and control etc. For example, if the company does not want to dilute the ownership, it will depend on any source of finance other than investment in shares. 4. Investment of Funds:- The funds raised from different sources should be prudently invested in various assets -short term as well as long term to optimize the return on investment. In taking decisions for the investment of long term funds, a careful assessment of various alternatives should be made through capital budgeting, opportunity cost analysis and many other techniques used to evaluate the investment proposals. A part of the long term funds should be invested in working capital of the company. While taking decision for the investment of funds in long term assets, management should be guided by three basic principles, viz. afety, profitability and liquidity. In taking decisions for the investment of funds in working capital, the finance manager must seek cooperation of marketing and production departments in estimating the funds which are to be involved in carrying of inventories in finished product and credit policy of the marketing department and in raw material and factory supplies of the production department. 5. Management of Cash:- It is the prime responsibility of the finance manager to see that an adequate supply of cash is available at proper time for the smooth running of the business. Cash is needed to purchase raw materials, pay off creditors, to pay to workers and to meet the day to day expenses of the business. Availability of cash is necessary to maintain liquidity and credit- worthiness of the business. Excess cash must be avoided as it costs money. It there is any cash in excess, it should be invested in near cash assets such as investments etc. which may be converted into cash within no time. A cash flow statement should be prepared by the department to know the correct need of cash is essential to achieve the goal of profitability and liquidity. The finance manager should decide in advance how much cash he should retain to meet current obligations of the company. 6. Disposal of Surplus:- One of the prime function of the finance department is to allocate the surplus. After paying all taxes, the available surplus of the business can be allocated for three purposes -(a) for paying dividend to the shareholders as a return on their investment, (b) for distributing bonus to workmen and companys contribution to other profit sharing plans, and (c) for ploughing back of profits for the expansion of business. As far as the second alternative is concerned, the amount to be paid to workers is generally fixed either by statute or by agreement and therefore, there is no problem in allocating surplus for this purpose. But a considerable, attention is to be paid in so far as first and third alternatives are concerned i. e. , how much to be paid to shareholders as dividend and how much to be retained in the business. For this purpose factors like the trend of the earning of the company, trend of the market price of its shares; the requirement of funds for the purpose of expansion and future prospects should be considered. . Financial Controls:- The financial manager is under an obligation to check the financial performance of the funds invested in the business. There are a number of techniques to evaluate the performance viz. Return on Investment (ROI), budgetary control, cost control, internal audit, ratio analysis and break-even point analysis. The financial manager must lay emphasis on financ ial planning as well. Importance of financian management Importance of finance cannot be over-emphasised. It is, indeed, the key to successful business operations. Without proper administration of finance, no business enterprise can reach its full potentials for growth and success. Money is a universal lubricant which keeps the enterprise dynamic-develops product, keeps men and machines at work, encourages management to make progress and creates values. The importance of financial administration can be discussed under the following heads (i) success of Promotion Depends on Financial Administration:- One of the most important reasons of failures of business promotions is a defective financial plan. If the plan adopted fails to provide sufficient capital to meet the requirement of fixed and fluctuating capital an particularly, the latter, or it fails to assume the obligations by the corporations without establishing earning power, the business cannot be carried on successfully. Hence sound financial plan is very necessary for the success of business enterprise. (ii) Smooth Running of an Enterprise:- Sound Financial planning is necessary for the smooth running of an enterprise. Money is to an enterprise, what oil is to an engine. As, Finance is required at each stage f an enterprise, i. e. promotion, incorporation, development, expansion and administration of day-to-day working etc. , proper administration of finance is very necessary. Proper financial administration means the study, analysis and evaluation of all financial problems to be faced by the management and to take proper decision with reference to the present circumstances in regard to the procurement and utilisation of funds. (iii) Financial Administration Co-ordinates Various Functional Activities:- Financial administration provides complete co-ordination between various functional areas such as marketing, production etc. o achieve the organisational goals. If financial management is defective, the efficiency of all other departments can, in no way, be maintained. For example, it is very necessary for the finance-department to provide finance for the purchase of raw materials and meting the other day-to-day expenses for the smooth running of the production unit. If financial department fails in its obligations, the Production and the sales will suffer and consequently, the income of the concern and the rate of profit on investment will also suffer. Thus Financial administration occupies a central place in the business organisation which controls and co-ordinates all other activities in the concern. (iv) Focal Point of Decision Making:- Almost, every decision in the business is take in the light of its profitability. Financial administration provides scientific analysis of all facts and figures through various financial tools, such as different financial statements, budgets etc. , which help in evaluating the profitability of the plan in the given circumstances, so that a proper decision can be taken to minimise the risk involved in the plan. v) Determinant of Business Success:- It has been recognised, even in India that the financial manger splay a very important role in the success of business organisation by advising the top management the solutions of the various financial problems as experts. They present important facts and figures regarding financial position an the performance of various functions of the company in a giv en period before the top management in such a way so as to make it easier for the top management to evaluate the progress of the company to amend suitably the principles and policies of the company. The financial manges assist the top management in its decision making process by suggesting the best possible alternative out of the various alternatives of the problem available. Hence, financial management helps the management at different level in taking financial decisions. (vi) Measure of Performance:- The performance of the firm can be measured by its financial results, i. e, by its size of earnings Riskiness and profitability are two major factors which jointly determine the value of the concern. Financial decisions which increase risks will decrease the value of the firm and on the to the hand, financial decisions which increase the profitability will increase value of the firm. Risk an profitability are two essential ingredients of a business concern. Conclusion:- In short Financial Management is very important for any business. If we want to fully use our money we have to implement financial management in our business . e can see the importance of financial management from success of promotion depends on financial administration, smooth running of an enterprise, focal point of decision making, financial administration co-ordinates various functional activities, determinant of business success, measure of performance.

Southern Luzon State Essay Example

Southern Luzon State Essay Example Southern Luzon State Essay Southern Luzon State Essay APPENDIX A Questionnaire Republic of the Philippines SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Gumaca Campus Gumaca, Quezon Software Acceptability and Features| Rating| | 1| 2| 3| 4| A. Functionality of the Propose System| | | | | 1. The system can accept organized data| | | | | 2. The system has the ability to be used by the admin, manager and user| | | | | 3. The system operates in real time| | | | | 4. The system prevents unauthorized person to use the system| | | | | 5. The system is capable of communicating with other system| | | | | B. Usability of the Propose System| | | | | 1. The system can be learned easily| | | | | . The admin can manage through the system| | | | | 3. The system’s function can easily be determined by the user| | | | | 4. The system can be used even if the users don’t have technical expertise| | | | | 5. The system can saves time using it| | | | | C. Reliability of the Proposed System| | | | | 1. The system has the ability to resume works and restore lo st data when failure occurs. | | | | | 2. The system runs properly| | | | | 3. The system warned or alerts the user if there are errors| | | | | 4. The system’s faults in the software can be eliminated over time| | | | | 5. The system can maintain its functions even after failure| | | | | D. Efficiency of the Proposed System| | | | | 1. The system can utilize system resources efficiently| | | | | 2. The system responds to user command easily| | | | | 3. The system can process data rapidly| | | | | 4. The system utilizes IT equipment information effectively| | | | | 5. The system loads in a short period of time| | | | | E. Portability of the Proposed System| | | | | 1. The system can be deployed by other operating system| | | | | 2. The system can be accessed easily| | | | | 3. The software complies with portability standard| | | | | 4. The software can be alternative to other enrolment system| | | | | 5. The user can use the system anytime| | | | | APPENDIX B The design of Southern Luzon State University to be improved APPENDIX C The Proposed Design for the Data Base of The Administrator during encoding of teachers and students. APPENDIX D The proposed design for student to log in for Online Grades Inquiry. Not yet registered? Email us at [emailprotected] com or visit us at School Registrars Office. Southern Luzon State University Gumaca campus

Specialized academy to teach writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Specialized academy to teach writing - Essay Example Moreover, others have gone to an extent of seeking these services from various research bureaus. It is as a result of this challenge that I came up with an idea of this specialized academy. This academy will teach and help students acquire basic writing skills. This will assist students in carrying out their research, organizing and presenting their papers that are free from grammatical errors. This will in turn help students save that money they have been spending in seeking services of research bureau. The academy is set to be operating twice a week; that is, every Tuesday and Thursday, from 9 am to 5 pm. Students will not only learn writing skills but also will be at a position to carry out research independently and report on their findings. The academy will also establish a website though which students can interact and assist each other especially when not attending lectures at the academy. The project is a way of giving back to the community by producing knowledgeable students who can carry out various researches for the society. I request for funds from this committee to help me put this project to reality and together we shall reap benefits. Proper accountability shall be done to ensure that these funds are utilized properly. Specialized academy proposes to teach students on various writing skills. The academy seeks to support students and other parties willing to join the academy develop, improve and nurture their writing skills. Proposed services to be provided by the academy include writing skills, grammar, and spelling in research writing and presentation. The academy will operate on a weekly base where students are required to attend classes only on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Classes will run from 9 am in the morning till 5 pm in the evening. The academy is society based and is set to benefit the FDU society at large. Moreover, there are future plans of expansion on its success. The specialized academy is a training

Government vs. Private Sector Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Government vs. Private Sector - Coursework Example This set of practices, including double-entry accounting formula, is used in ensuring that uniformity and financial accuracy is achieved. According to Gauthier (2010), these methods can also be used in the public sector, but there is room for deviation to other methods in some cases such as during budgeting (Gauthier, 2010). The application of accrual and cash accounting and budgeting basis is a great divide between the private and the public sector, with the private sector employing accrual accounting, while the public sector employing cash accounting and budgeting (Finkler, 2010). However, there is a constant development of bridging between the two approaches by most governments, with the view of attaining better financial information. The context of public and private sector finance and accounting management also differs in such a way that the private sector has more autonomy to make any financial and accounting decisions in order to achieve what ought to be achieved (Finkler, 2010). On the other hand, the public sector financial and accounting is limited to rules and regulations that limit their reach in terms of incorporating practice to have ends meet. For instance, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Statement No. 20 restricts state and local governments to using private sector standards that were only issued prior to November 30, 1989, consistent with GASB guidance (Gauthier,

Functional Behavioural Assessment Case Study

Functional Behavioural Assessment Case Study Functional Behavioral Assessments for Sean Siobhan L. Healy Introduction Mrs. Valdez, a second grade teacher at Hacienda Elementary School, contacted me via email requesting my services regarding one of her students. Mrs. Valdez would like me to meet with her and several administrators, including the principal of Hacienda Elementary School, to discuss the student’s behavioral issues. The subject of concern is Sean, a 9 year old boy, who had been held back to repeat second grade due to his ADHD and the resulting inattentiveness and failing grades. Sean is described as a bright and lovable boy at school and at home but due to his (recently diagnosed) ADHD, he is often â€Å"inattentive† during class, jumps out of his seat and throws crumbled up school papers at peers when asked to complete a task. His lack of concentration and the inability to finish any task at school have earned him failing grades during the prior school year and parents and teachers fear that he may be failing second grade again, if nothing is done to help him. Sean’s parents are against any pharmaceutical medications to treat his ADHD and they have consulted with an herbal doctor to treat the condition. Now, Mrs. Valdez has asked me to develop a behavior intervention plan for Sean, in order for him to succeed academically and socially during the current school year. The operational target behaviors seen in Sean are, a) inattention, in form of not paying attention to teachers’ instructions and school work, b) out-of-seat behavior, defined as any time Sean’s behind was not making contact with his chair, and c) throwing items (i.e., crumbled up papers) at peers. If my interdisciplinary team and I are able to describe the specific purposes of a Functional Behavioral Assessment for Sean, to the Hacienda Elementary School administrators during the planning meeting, then we will be able to design and implement an effective treatment plan for this student based on the results of the proposed FBA. Functional Behavioral Assessments are used to determine why an individual exhibits certain behaviors and in what way the environment influences the individual and their behaviors. In the beginning, the method of analyzing behavior was created with the autistic and severely intellectually disabled population in mind, but it can be applied to any individual with problem behaviors. According to the State Board of Education, North Carolina (2015), â€Å"The reauthorized Individuals with Disabilities Education Act requires that a Functional Behavioral Assessment be conducted if a behavior was a manifestation of the disability or, as appropriate, for other disciplinary removals† (http://ec.ncpublicschools.gov). In many schools, the Individual Education Program Team (IEP team) develops an assessment plan to address problem behaviors. During IEP team meetings, target behaviors must be identified and specified. Decisions must be made about who will conduct each component of an FBA, and a timeline as to when the assessment will be completed is set. Usually, the IEP team will meet to discuss the assessment results and to design and implement behavioral interventions. Sometimes, The IEP team and members of a school administration need to bring in an independent team of experts in order to exhaust all possibilities of an effective FBA, especially in the case of Sean (State Board of Education, NC, 2015). Indirect Assessments are performed when information about antecedents, consequences, and critical variables, needs to be gathered indirectly via interviews, screening forms, and rating scales. The Indirect Assessments are considered an adjunct to direct measures, as the data gathered from these measures is usually not considered quite as reliable. However, Indirect Assessments are often the first procedures performed in an FBA because the observer is able to record meaningful observations and he or she may begin the construction of hypotheses about the function of behaviors rather quickly (Steege Watson, 2013). The interdisciplinary team would first assess Sean by conducting five general steps of a Functional Analysis. Step one would be a Functional Assessment Interview during which the team would question at least two or three persons who know Sean very well and who have been involved in the situations in which the behaviors occurred (most likely his parents and Mrs. Valdez). The interview would focus on identifying observable behaviors displayed by our referred student. For example, when addressing Sean’s â€Å"inattentive† behavior, the team should ask Mrs. Valdez, the teacher, to clearly and concisely describe the observable characteristics that constitute â€Å"inattentive† behavior. It is important to note during the interview, what function Sean’s behaviors serve. For example, his out-of-seat behavior may actually serve two different functions, one to get attention from his peers by jumping out of his seat, and two to escape from or avoid academic instruct ion from the teacher. This type of information will be relevant for the entire process of FBA, because, if the functions are different, the resulting interventions may be different as well (Steege Watson, 2013). With a typical ABC Assessment, when the interfering behaviors occur, the observer is expected to record those behaviors and the immediate antecedent and consequence variables. Observers often identify one immediate antecedent and one immediate consequence that occur during a behavioral event. For example, the ABC Interviewer could record the following in Sean’s classroom: A: Antecedent: Teacher, Mrs. Valdez, requests Sean to sit down and complete his task, B: Behavior: Sean jumps up, crumbles his school paper, and throws it at a peer, C: Consequence: Mrs. Valdez verbally reprimands Sean and sends him to the principals office. However, in this instance, a single ABC recording was not able to identify all of the relevant variables connected to this behavioral incident because, there were a number of additional incidents preceding this recording. Oftentimes, with the occurrence of a series of behavioral incidents, the observers verbally report or record only the final incident (S teege Watson, 2013). Thus, a Behavioral Stream Interview (BSI) could be performed in Sean’s case, in which contextual variables that are associated with the interfering behaviors, can be identified. This kind of interview centers on the idea that there are many variables, including individual, antecedent, and consequence variables in Sean’s environment that impact his challenging behaviors. These different variables often interact in a predictable manner and are not stagnant. Steege and Watson (2013), compare â€Å"the ongoing flow of behavior and related stimuli† to a river, â€Å"sometimes a stream that gently meanders through a meadow, and at other times a raging torrent rushing through mountainous canyons† (p.106). The BSI has the potential of identifying patterns by calculating the sequence in which the variables occur. It can be compared to a movie strip of several captured pictures in a sequence, unlike a single photograph â€Å"of a singular antecedent–behavior–consequence interaction (A-B-C)† (Steege Watson, 2013, p. 106). Furthermore, data could be collected through a questionnaire such as the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991, as cited in Sattler, 2002) which measures internalizing and externalizing problems in children and adolescents. The CBCL is designed for parents of children and adolescents ages 4 to 18 years old. The rationale for conducting the interview is to observe the target behavior. The reason for utilizing the CBCL is that it includes a Teachers Report form (TRF, Achenbach, 1991, as cited in Sattler, 2002). According to Sattler, the TRF has satisfactory validity. Functioning Assessment Screening Tools or a Motivation Assessment Scale may additionally be used. The Functional Behavioral Assessment Screening Form (FBASF) would be a particularly useful tool to record data about, a) interfering behaviors (i.e., target problem behaviors), b) behavioral strengths (i.e., characteristics that are functional and appropriate, adaptive behaviors, and skills), c) Reinforcers (i.e., stimuli that are preferred by the student, people, activities, and events), d) Communication skills (i.e., verbal expressions, gestures, signs, or devices). In the context of Sean’s case, his behaviors too, are not occurring randomly, but are caused by an interaction between antecedent, individual, and consequence variables (Steege Watson, 2013). Direct descriptive Functional Behavioral Assessments, on the other hand, are very powerful tools in school settings. They are powerful because the procedures center on direct observations of behaviors in situations and settings in which the target behaviors occur. Systematic observations, and not just mere indirect information lead to solid hypotheses on function and triggers of behaviors (Steege Watson). Therefore, step two in a Functional Analysis would be a Direct Observation and collection of data by observing Sean’s target behaviors directly. The team could do a Sequence Analysis by recording antecedents, behavior, and consequence (a Maladaptive Behavior Card can be used for this purpose). Furthermore, the frequency and rate of the behavior would be recorded. The frequency of occurrence per unit of time, for example, would be 30 behaviors divided by 20 min of observation = 1.5 behaviors per minute or about 3 behaviors every two minutes. Next, the duration of each behavior and the latency (which is the duration of time between a stimulus and a response) would be recorded, for example, how soon after the stimulus does Sean begin to jump up or throw paper balls at classmates (Carbone Zecchin, 2014). Step three deals with experimental manipulations if they are feasible based on the severity of the behaviors. This procedure enables the observer to empirically test the functions of the behavior. The situations in which the behaviors occur most frequently suggest the function of the behavior. In order to test for the functions of the maladaptive behavior, the interdisciplinary team would have to perform an Alone Condition Test in which Sean would be alone without any stimulation and then count if any aggressive behavior occurred within a 20 minute session. Next, an Attention Condition-Test is performed to find out if the behavior is maintained by attention. This involves engaging Sean in a preferred activity and if a maladaptive behavior occurs, the team would give him 10 seconds of attention after each occurrence of the target behaviors by saying â€Å"Sean, don’t throw anything at your classmate, you could hurt her!† The team would count the number of times the behav iors occurred and this session would last 20 minutes. Then, comes the Demand Condition – Test, which is designed to explore if a behavior is maintained by Escape or Avoidance. The interdisciplinary team will place Sean in a demanding task or situation and allow him to escape (or leave the situation) each time the target behavior occurs. The team would wait for about a minute and then direct Sean back to the demand situation or task, while keeping count of the number of times the behavior occurs. This session should also last 20 minutes (Carbone Zecchin, 2014). Last but not least, the Play Condition-Test will be performed, which is a control condition. In this scenario, the interdisciplinary team would place Sean in an enriched reinforcing environment, allow him to engage in preferred activities of his choosing, and count the number of times the behavior occurs. This session, again, will last 20 minutes. Step four will be a Functional Analysis Summary, to include a form/chart outlining the Functional Analysis Interviews conducted, the Direct Observation Data collected, and the Experimental Manipulation implemented. Step five will outline a Behavior Lesson Plan and after carefully choosing of an intervention, this will be called an Intervention Lesson Plan for Sean (Carbone Zecchin, 2014). In the literature by Steege Watson (2013),  The Conditional Probability Record (CPR) is a form that  allows the observer to simultaneously observe and record the  antecedents and consequences of behavior. The advantage of  doing so allows for the analysis of the likelihood  (probability) of a behavior given a particular antecedent and  the likelihood of a particular consequence following a  behavior (p. 134). Let’s say, we take a 5-minute excerpt from a 15-minute observation period, and it shows that Sean was out of his seat during 70% of the intervals, then, of the intervals in which Sean was out of his seat, 51% of those resulted in a verbal reprimand by Mrs. Valdez and 43% resulted in her physically guiding Sean back into his seat. Therefore, Seans out-of-seat behavior resulted in some form of attention by Mrs. Valdez in 94% of the intervals. On the other hand, when Sean was working on his assigned tasks, it resulted in no attention, verbal or physical, from Mrs. Valdez. So, only in 29% of the intervals in which Sean was working on his tasks, was Mrs. Valdez near him. Therefore, one of the hypotheses is that Seans out-of-seat behavior is maintained by Mrs. Valdez’ attention because doing so is more than three times as likely to result in some form her attention than working. During these observations, there may be some influence by Sean’s peers in the form of looki ng at him (23% of the intervals) or cheering him on (18%), however these consequences were not as probable as Mrs. Valdez’ attention. Additionally, there also appears to be a negative reinforcement because Sean is able to escape from the assigned task by getting out of his seat. Antecedent and consequent possibilities are verified by further observation and analysis (Steege Watson, 2013). The interdisciplinary team could complete a Functional Behavioral Assessment Observation Form (FBAOF) for Sean. This is an assessment procedure involving direct observation and recording data of interfering behaviors and contextual variables. The FBAOF is generally used to record â€Å"behavioral episodes† or â€Å"behavioral incidents† that involve one single interfering behavior. The observer uses an FBAOF each time the interfering behavior occurs to record, 1) Date and time of day, 2) Setting events (i.e., activities, tasks, places, etc.), 3) Antecedents (i.e., events that appear to trigger the behavior), 4) Behavior (i.e., the defined interfering/target behavior), 5) Consequence (i.e., events following the interfering behavior), 6) Effect (i.e., change in rate or intensity of occurrence of the behavior), 7) Staff (i.e., person recording the data, working directly with Sean). Should the interdisciplinary team use the FBAOF, they must differentiate between an †a ntecedent† and a â€Å"setting event.† The antecedent is a precipitating variable (i.e., a specific event triggering a behavior), while the setting event is just the general situation that the behavior occurred in (Steege Watson, 2013). Last, but not least, the interdisciplinary team could utilize the Task Analysis Recording Procedure (TARP), which is an effective â€Å"procedure for teaching functional life skills and for progress monitoring† (Steege Watson, 2013, p. 146). It is used for documenting a person’s level of performance on specific tasks, instructional procedures, identification of effective and ineffective instructional prompts, and to document levels of occurrence of interfering behaviors, especially in the context of instructional programs (Steege Watson, 2013). TARP is a useful tool for recording a decrease of interfering behaviors, while, at the same time, documenting an increase in desirable and appropriate behaviors. For example, we could use the TARP data recording in order to measure Sean’s occurrences of negative behaviors within a social or classroom setting, while, at the same time, recording any desirable behavior, such as doing his assigned tasks independently. This procedure is mostly used in individuals with autism who reside in group homes but TARP could be used in Sean’s case because of his ADHD diagnosis and being in a â€Å"group setting† (classroom) (Steege Watson, 2013). It is important for the interdisciplinary team to put emphasis on the vast selection of indirect and direct descriptive FBA procedures. In many cases, a combination of both types in an assessment process is adequate for an assessment and an understanding of behavioral functions. A comprehensive mixture of several procedures can lead to the design of effective intervention plans (Steege Watson, 3013). References Carbone, V. J., Ph.D., BCBA Zecchin, G., BCABA. (2014). How to conduct a  Functional Assessment Develop Behavior Plans to reduce Problem Behavior.  Retrieved on March 10, 2015 from  http://armstrong.edu/images/psychology/FunctionalAssessment.pdf Public Schools of North Carolina. State Board of Education. (2015). Functional Behavior   Assessment. Retrieved on March 10, 2015 from http://ec.ncpublicschools.gov/instructional-resources/behavior-support/resources/functional-behavior-assessment. Sattler, J. (2001). Assessment of children: Cognitive applications (4th ed.) La Mesa, CA:  Jerome M. Sattler. Steege, M.W., Watson, T.S. (2013). Conducting School-Based Functional Behavioral  Assessments, Second Edition. Guilford Press. VitalBook file.

Legal Drinking Age English Essay Rough Draft

Alcohol is used for many reasons among people. Teenagers and underage drinkers are known to drink for the following; rebellion, peer pressure, celebration, insomnia, anxiety, sadness, and boredom are just a few. Currently, the legal drinking age is 21. I’m not sure what the reasoning is behind this law, but if drinking is lowered to 18, I’m positive the underage drinking percentage would decrease drastically. Freedom. That’s what America is known for; Land of the free. When you turn 18, your legally considered an adult.You can buy cigarettes, you can vote, you can get married, buy pornography, have babies, and join, fight, and die for your country. So if your considered mature enough to have all of these responsibilities, shouldn’t you be able to consume alcohol too? The legal drinking age has been set at 21. The government set the legal drinking age to 21 to prevent drunk driving and other problems they blame on irresponsible drinking. The government shou ldn’t decide when someone is responsible to drink because even many â€Å"adults† aren’t responsible enough to know their limits.Drunk driving classes and alcohol consumption classes should be taught in schools so kids have an understanding on what alcohol can lead to and how to drink responsibly. Turning 21 doesn’t make you any more responsible or knowledgeable about alcohol than at age 18. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would help because there would be less underage drinkers and less of a need to feel mature and accepted by teens. A study shows that 87% of high school seniors have consumed alcohol. This means that from the ages 17-19 people are already drinking.Seniors in high school and other underage drinkers consume alcohol for many reasons. Rebellion, celebration, peer pressure, insomnia, anxiety and boredom are just a few reasons, however, the biggest reason is rebellion. Teenagers don’t feel like they are being treated fairly by the gover nment because they are considered adults and they are being denied the right to drink, so they rebel. Not only do they rebel to make a point but they are rebelling because of the excitement they get when they know they are breaking the law and also because drinking is a symbol of â€Å"adulthood†. A study conducted by Dr.Ruth Engs shows that drinking is more exciting when its illegal and that we as Americans should be more focused on safe drinking instead of age restrictions. If the drinking age was to be lowered to 18, the temptation to drink would decrease because it would be accepted and people would no longer get that excitement and thrill from breaking the law. The U. S. government is concerned about the number of drunk drivers and irresponsible drinking so they made the legal drinking age higher. If you look at Britain, they don’t have a drinking age and France has a minimum drinking age of 8; neither of which having a problem with drunk driving.On the other hand , America has a minimum drinking age of 21 and our problem with drunk driving is considered to be the worst in the industrialized world. We can see that the 21 minimum drinking age is having a negative effect on the U. S. , yet we keep it the same and expect different results. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will make it so there are less irresponsible drinking and underage drinkers. 18-year-olds will have a feeling of adulthood and they will feel accepted. I think drinking will become more casual and social more than it is now and people will have less temptation to drink heavily and irresponsibly.